Chapter 1:

• Protocol
• Standard organizations

- nat’l

- regional

- international

• circuit switching vs packet switching
• FDM vs TDM
• Access to Internet

- modems

- DSL

- Cable modem

- LAN

- Wireless

§ Physical media

- UTP

- Coax

- Fiber

- Space

• Internet infrastructure(ISP)

- tier-1, 2, 3

• Layered structure of protocols=protocol architecture

-examples?  TCP/IP, OSI, IBM SNA, etc.

• OSI 7 layer model vs TCP/IP—comparison diagram
• Service Access Points
• Data Encapsulation & Decapsulation
• Nth layer protocol
• Virtual communication

Chapter 2:

• Client-server architecture
• Sockets & programming
• Socket to Socket communication
• Socket API & Ports
• Well-known, Registered, Ephemeral
• Who controls port numbers ?
• TCP vs UDP—connection-oriented vs connectionless
• Stateful vs Stateless servers
• Iterative vs Concurrent servers
• Application layer protocols vs User’s applications
• Applet
• http
• non-persistent  vs persistent http with or without pipelining
• RTT
• Use of cookies
• Web proxy server—caching
• FTP
• SMTP, POP, IMAP
• IMAP vs POP
• DNS & Reverse DNS
• Domain name hierarchy
• gTLD & ccTLD SLD
• Zones
• Recursive vs Iterative service
• Static vs Dynamic DNS
• DNS Resource Record types such as A, NS, MX
• P2P—centralized, query flooding, semi-centralized
• DHCP
• Socket API

Chapter 3:

• TCP & UDP
• 3 types of services(in any layer except Physical layer)
• Virtual circuit vs Datagram
• MUXing & DeMUXing
• TCP’s reliable service using unreliable IP—protocol design steps
• 3 ARQs
• Windowing—go-back-N vs Selective Repeat—window sizes and buffer requirements
• Cumulative ACK , Piggybacked ACK
• TCP Timeout= EstimatedRTT = (1- a)*EstimatedRTT + a*SampleRTT
• TCP flow control—credit scheme
• 3-way handshake for connection initialization
• 4-way handshake for connection termination
• Congestions
• ATM--QOS
• TCP’s congestion control
• Congestion window
• AIMD, Slow Start
• Losses—Timeout, 3-dup-acks
• TCP Tahoe & Reno--difference