Evolution of TCP / IP
ARPANET(1969) with 4
nodes------>ARPANET, MILNET(1984)
------> Added
NSFNET--1986,
CSNET, X.25 NET, Bitnet, ….
ARPANET is decommissioned(replaced by NSFNET)
NSFNET replaced by ANSNET(Advanced Network
Services)--1991
= Provides high speed Internet backbone
Grew into " Internet "
One of the reasons for TCP/IP’s
dominance---DOD funded development of
TCP / IP
for UNIX---Also funded distribution of TCP /
IP with Berkeley releases of UNIX
( BSD--Berkeley Software Distribution
)--Source code of Berkeley implementations
made public in 1983( Mandated use of TCP/IP )
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/ for detailed history
http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html for timeline of history
Current Internet
According to Internet Domain Survey("Source: Internet Software Consortium
(http://www.isc.org/ds ) there is more than 109 million computers
connected.
Doubling every 10 months ( 1990-- 200,000
computers, 3000 nets )
For more detailed information, read RFC 2235:
http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/cgi-bin/hyperrfc?fyi%2Ffyi32.txt
OSI
?
One time it was predicted that Internet may
slowly adopt OSI( 10 -- 15 years ? ) or
at least coexist with TCP/IP—Never happened!
Architectural comparisons
OSI vs TCP / IP
-----------------------------------------------------
7 layers 4
layers
Vertical Horizontal
layers layers
Strict Loose
Layering layering
Protocol Implement
first
first (RFC)
Addressing—3 levels of addresses are used in TCP/IP based networks
(1) Physical address=link address=48 bit
hardware address for a NIC(MAC address)
(2) IP address= 32 bit Unicast or Multicast
or Broadcast addresses
Example: Result of “ipconfig /all” in DOS prompt on a PC which shows Physical
Address
and IP Address
E:\>ipconfig /all
Windows NT IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . : imdomainpdc.imdomain.com
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . : 132.241.3.57
132.241.66.6
132.241.80.1
Node Type . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
NetBIOS Scope ID. . . . . . :
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : Yes
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No
NetBIOS Resolution Uses DNS : Yes
Ethernet adapter El90x1:
Description . . . . . . . . : 3Com 3C90x Ethernet Adapter
Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-10-4B-2E-82-B1
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 132.241.3.122
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . : 132.241.3.1
Primary WINS Server . . . . : 132.241.82.39
Secondary WINS Server . . . : 132.241.3.215
PPP adapter NdisWan9:
Description . . . . . . . . : NdisWan Adapter
Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . :
PPP adapter NdisWan7:
Description . . . . . . . . : NdisWan Adapter
Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
(3) Port address=16 bit number for a TCP or UDP’s
SAP(Service Access Point)
Exaple: TCP port number 80 designates HTTP
process, 21 for Telnet, …
http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/cgi-bin/hyperrfc?rfc793.txt
Example: On Unix system the file /etc/services
contains all the port numbers:
#
# $Id: services,v 1.42 2000/01/14 20:43:00
tfsmiles Exp $
#
# Updated with new entries in hpux 9.05
/etc/newconfig/services 1-17-95 jg.
# Updated with irix5 stuff 9-19-95 jg.
# Updated with Kerberos5 stuff 12-1-95 jg.
# Updated with Omnistorage & IMSP stuff
1-26-96 jg.
# Updated with solaris 2.5.1 1-25-97 jg.
#
tcpmux 1/tcp
# TCP port multiplexer (RFC1078)
echo 7/tcp
# Echo
echo 7/udp
#
discard 9/tcp sink null # Discard
discard 9/udp sink
null #
systat
11/tcp users # Active Users
daytime
13/tcp # Daytime
daytime
13/udp #
netstat
15/tcp
qotd
17/tcp quote # Quote of the Day
chargen
19/tcp ttytst source # Character Generator
chargen
19/udp ttytst source #
ftp-data
20/tcp # File
Transfer Protocol (Data)
ftp
21/tcp # File
Transfer Protocol (Control)
ssh
22/tcp # Secure
Shell
telnet
23/tcp # Virtual
Terminal Protocol
smtp
25/tcp # Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol
time
37/tcp timeserver # Time
time 37/udp timeserver #
rlp
39/udp resource # Resource Location Protocol
name
42/udp nameserver
whois
43/tcp nicname # Who Is
tacacs
49/udp # Cisco
TACACS
domain
53/tcp nameserver # Domain Name Service
domain
53/udp nameserver #
mtp
57/tcp
bootps
67/udp #
Bootstrap Protocol Server
bootpc
68/udp #
Bootstrap Protocol Client
tftp
69/udp # Trivial File Transfer Protocol
gopher
70/tcp # Gopher
service
rje
77/tcp netrjs
fingermail
78/tcp #
Fingermail (CSU, Chico)
finger
79/tcp # Finger
http
80/tcp www # World Wide Web service
http
80/udp www # World Wide Web service
link
87/tcp ttylink
kerberos
88/udp kdc # Kerberos authentication--udp
kerberos
88/tcp kdc # Kerberos authentication--tcp
supdup
95/tcp #
hostnames
101/tcp hostname # NIC Host Name Server
tsap
102/tcp iso-tsap # part of ISODE.
x400
103/tcp # ISO
mail
x400-snd
104/tcp
csnet-cs
105/tcp ns
pop2
109/tcp pop-2 pop postoffice #
Post Office Protocol - Version 2